Merge branch 'main' into dev

Reviewed-on: #67

.placeholder/08-monitoring/README.md

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/release-1.17/samples/httpbin/sample-client/fortio-deploy.yaml
-

.placeholder/13-WASM_Modules/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+https://github.com/istio-ecosystem/wasm-extensions
+
+https://github.com/istio-ecosystem/wasm-extensions/tree/master/extensions/basic_auth

.placeholder/text.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPRedirect
+
+## The idea is that this rewrite is handled "externally" by the client, not by Istio.
+
+
+
+## Practical examples
+
+
+### HTTP to HTTPS redirect.
+
+The following Virtual Service configuration will redirect all the incoming traffic from the gateway `my-gateway` that uses the http protocol, to the https protocol.
+
+In this example, it would forward all the `http` traffic without taking into account which port is used. 
+
+```
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: to-https-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - my-gateway
+  http:
+  - match:
+    - name: to_https
+      match:
+        scheme: http
+      redirect:
+        scheme: https
+```
+
+### Migrated from a domain
+
+The following will update the requests coming "to" the domain `old.domain.com` and rewrite the URL to use the "new" `new.domain.com`
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: update-domain-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "old.domain.com"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - name: forward-to-new-domain
+      redirect:
+        authority: "new.domain.com"
+```

00-Troubleshooting/README.md

@@ -3,6 +3,63 @@ gitea: none
 include_toc: true
 ---
 
+
+# Logs
+
+> **Note:**\
+> Remember that you can use the command `watch` or `watch -n 5` (where 5 refers every 5 seconds) in case of being interested on execute this commands periodically.
+
+## Istiod
+
+```shell
+kubectl logs -n istio-system -f deployments/istiod
+```
+
+## Istio-Proxy Pod
+
+This will display the logs from a deployment while targeting the `istio-proxy` container from the targeted pod/deployment.
+
+As well will attach the session to stream new logs. (`-f` `--follow`)
+
+```shell
+kubectl logs deployments/helloworld-default -f -c istio-proxy
+```
+
+```text
+[2023-05-15T00:42:03.699Z] "- - -" 0 UH - - "-" 0 0 0 - "-" "-" "-" "-" "-" BlackHoleCluster - 10.111.90.232:8080 172.17.121.65:52006 - -
+[2023-05-15T00:42:24.785Z] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 - via_upstream - "-" 0 0 2 1 "-" "curl/7.74.0" "c133cbf0-b57d-4fba-8f84-d683ab903399" "helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local" "172.17.121.65:80" inbound|80|| 127.0.0.6:51695 172.17.121.65:80 172.17.121.65:43786 outbound_.80_._.helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local default
+[2023-05-15T00:42:24.784Z] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 - via_upstream - "-" 0 0 5 4 "-" "curl/7.74.0" "c133cbf0-b57d-4fba-8f84-d683ab903399" "helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local" "172.17.121.65:80" outbound|80||helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local 172.17.121.65:43786 10.111.90.232:80 172.17.121.65:57030 - default
+[2023-05-15T00:43:23.209Z] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 - via_upstream - "-" 0 0 6 5 "-" "curl/7.74.0" "e1f0a2f3-93ff-4c41-8cb3-6d3a53fce065" "helloworld.foo.svc.cluster.local" "172.17.247.42:80" outbound|80||helloworld.foo.svc.cluster.local 172.17.121.65:55040 10.109.248.148:80 172.17.121.65:60520 - default
+[2023-05-15T00:43:29.751Z] "- - -" 0 UH - - "-" 0 0 0 - "-" "-" "-" "-" "-" BlackHoleCluster - 10.109.248.148:8080 172.17.121.65:40370 - -
+[2023-05-15T00:43:31.979Z] "- - -" 0 UH - - "-" 0 0 0 - "-" "-" "-" "-" "-" BlackHoleCluster - 10.109.248.148:8080 172.17.121.65:40402 - -
+```
+
+## Ingress
+
+The service targeted, `istio-ingressgateway`, is an Ingress Load Balancer service from Istio.
+
+```shell
+kubectl logs -n istio-system services/istio-ingressgateway
+```
+#### Invalid TLS context has neither subject CN nor SAN names
+
+The TLS certificate specified don't have the field CN or the field SAN.
+
+To address this issue, issue a new certificate that has at least one of those fields.
+
+#### initial fetch timed out for type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.Secretthread
+
+This is due not being able to retrieve the TLS configuration assigned to the gateway.
+
+It's Important that the secret is located in the same namespace as the Istio Load Balancer used. In my case is the `istio-system`, but it will vary based on the environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 # Istioctl analyze
 
 `istioctl analyze` reviews the current configuration set.
@@ -67,37 +124,24 @@ listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), snapshot length 262144 bytes
 ...
 ```
 
-# Logs
-
-> **Note:**\
-> Remember that you can use the command `watch` or `watch -n 5` (where 5 refers every 5 seconds) in case of being interested on execute this commands periodically.
-
-## Istiod
+# Istioctl proxy-status
+> **Note:** Shorthand is `ps`
 
 ```shell
-kubectl logs -n istio-system -f deployments/istiod
+istioctl ps
+```
+```text
+NAME                                                  CLUSTER        CDS        LDS        EDS        RDS          ECDS         ISTIOD                    VERSION
+helloworld-6798765f88-ql26n.default                   Kubernetes     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED       NOT SENT     istiod-dbf5ff64-9kxxs     1.17.2
+helloworld2-dc9cb5db6-m47x7.default                   Kubernetes     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED       NOT SENT     istiod-dbf5ff64-9kxxs     1.17.2
+istio-egressgateway-676bf68b54-d28fn.istio-system     Kubernetes     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED     NOT SENT     NOT SENT     istiod-dbf5ff64-9kxxs     1.17.2
+istio-ingressgateway-8d56c999d-nv7ph.istio-system     Kubernetes     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED     SYNCED       NOT SENT     istiod-dbf5ff64-9kxxs     1.17.2
 ```
 
-## Ingress
-
-The service targeted, `istio-ingressgateway`, is an Ingress Load Balancer service from Istio.
-
-```shell
-kubectl logs -n istio-system services/istio-ingressgateway
-```
-#### Invalid TLS context has neither subject CN nor SAN names
-
-The TLS certificate specified don't have the field CN or the field SAN.
-
-To address this issue, issue a new certificate that has at least one of those fields.
-
-#### initial fetch timed out for type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.transport_sockets.tls.v3.Secretthread 
-
-This is due not being able to retrieve the TLS configuration assigned to the gateway.
-
-It's Important that the secret is located in the same namespace as the Istio Load Balancer used. In my case is the `istio-system`, but it will vary based on the environment.
 
 # Istioctl proxy-config
+> **Note:** Shorthand is `pc`
+
 
 ## Check listeners
 
@@ -177,4 +221,8 @@ InboundPassthroughClusterIpv4                              -         -
 PassthroughCluster                                         -         -          -             ORIGINAL_DST     
 agent                                                      -         -          -             STATIC           
 ...
-```
+```
+
+# Other links
+
+## [Debugging with Istio](https://www.istioworkshop.io/12-debugging/01-istioctl-debug-command/)

01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment/README.md

@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ I would like to put emphasis on the following line returned:
 server: istio-envoy
 ```
 
-This means that the contents returned was performed by the Istio service, instead of the Nginx or any other possible backend service.
+This means that the contents returned was performed by the Istio service, therefore, the request was able to reach Istio and received a response from it.
 
 ## Cleanup
 

01-Getting_Started/03-hello_world_1_service_2_deployments_managed_version/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ spec:
             port:
               number: 80
             subset: v1
-          weight: 20
+          weight: 80
         - destination:
             #            host: helloworld (OLD)
             host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
             port:
               number: 80
             subset: v2
-          weight: 80
+          weight: 20
       rewrite:
         uri: "/"

01-Getting_Started/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Getting Started
 
-The idea of these examples is to get yourself familiarized with the basic elements used on Istio, allowing you to explore the documentation as well of proceeding with other examples or tests on your onw.
+The idea of these examples is to get yourself familiarized with the basic elements used on Istio, allowing you to
+explore the documentation as well of proceeding with other examples or tests on your onw.
 
 On these examples you will find the following Istio resources:
 

02-Traffic_management/01-header_routing/README.md

@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
 
 ## Wait for the pods to be ready
 
-Wait for the Apache and Nginx deployments to be up and ready.
+Wait for the Apache, Nginx and Whoami deployments to be up and ready.
 
 ```shell
 watch -n 2 kubectl get deployment helloworld-v{0..2} 

02-Traffic_management/02-DirectResponse-HTTP-Body/README.md

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ The configuration set, targets the [gateway created](#gateway) as well of not li
 
 We configure 2 rules for HTTP traffic (this includes `HTTPS` and `HTTP2`, this will be my last warning about this).
 
-The first rule configure will match when the requested path is `/helloworld`.
+The first rule configured will match when the requested path is `/helloworld`.
 
 This traffic will be forwarded to the service `helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local` with port `80`.
 
@@ -176,9 +176,8 @@ Wait for the Apache and Nginx deployments to be up and ready.
 kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w
 ```
 ```text 
-NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
-helloworld-v1   1/1     1            1           4m1s
-helloworld-v2   1/1     1            1           4m1s
+NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           9s
 ```
 
 ## Test the service

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/README.md

@@ -1,52 +1,240 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
+
+# Description
+
+Based on the [previous example](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment), we configure the [VirtualService](#virtualservice) to internally rewrite the destination URL.
+
+This is useful, as if for example we have a rule that targets the traffic with destination path `/helloworld`, when we connect to the backend, the path that the request contains will also be `/helloworld`, and unless the destination service is already build around this and/or is ready to manage traffic with such destination, we will receive a status code 404 meaning that the page destination was not found.
+
+If we internally rewrite such traffic to the root directory (`/`), we can interact with the root path from the destination service without issues, without the need of specifically altering the behavior of the destination service due this architectural requirement.
+
+Additionally, we also configure a second rule that won't have the URL path rewrite configured, as it will allow us to compare the behaviors.  
+
+This example configures:
+
+    Generic Kubernetes resources:
+    - 1 Service
+    - 1 Deployments
+    
+    Istio resources:
+    - 1 Gateway
+    - 1 Virtual Service
 
 
-# Continues from
+# Based on
 
-- 01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
 
-# There were no changes respective to that version
+# Configuration
 
-Through rewriting the URI we can point to the root directory from nginx.
+## Service
+
+Creates a service named `helloworld`.
+
+This service listens for the port `80` expecting `HTTP` traffic and will forward the incoming traffic towards the port `80` from the destination pod.
 
 ```yaml
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld
 ```
 
-## The idea is that this rewrite is handled "internally" by Istio, not by the Client that started the request
-
-
-## Practical usages:
-
-
-
-If we refactor our application, and for example we previously where hosting an API to the URL `/apiV1` and now it's being hosted in `/api/V1`, we can do the following rule:
+## Deployment
 
+Deploys a Nginx server that listens for the port `80`.
 
 ```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+## Gateway
+
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
+
+It doesn't filter for any specific host.
+
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
+
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+```
+
+## VirtualService
+
+The configuration set, targets the [gateway created](#gateway) as well of not limiting the traffic to any specific host.
+
+We configure 2 HTTP rules.
+
+The first rule will match when the requested path is `/helloworld`.
+
+Internally, we will rewrite the URL path, from `/helloworld` to `/`, as otherwise it will result in status code 404 due not containing such destination in the service, since we are using the default Nginx image.
+
+The second rule will math with the path `/norewrite`, and won't have the rewrite URL path setting configured. This rule will be used to compare behaviors.
+
+
+Both rules will connect with the backend service `helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local` with port `80`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
     - match:
         - uri:
-            exact: /apiV1
+            exact: /helloworld
       route:
         - destination:
-            host: mynewapi # the service destination/target
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
             port:
-              number: 80 # whatever port it is
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/api/V1"
-```
-
-Or if we "upgraded" the API, and the new API (v2) is retro-compatible with the old API (v1), we could do the following to force all the usages from the old API to be handled by the newer version:
-
-```yaml
+              number: 80
     - match:
         - uri:
-            exact: /api/V1
+            exact: /norewrite
       route:
         - destination:
-            host: mynewapi # the service destination/target
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
             port:
-              number: 80 # whatever port it is
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/api/V2"
+              number: 80
 ```
+
+# Walkthrough
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+Deploy the resources.
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./
+```
+```text 
+deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
+service/helloworld created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+```
+
+## Wait for the pods to be ready
+
+Wait for the Nginx deployment to be up and ready.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w
+```
+```text 
+NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           2m47s
+```
+
+## Test the service
+
+### Get LB IP
+
+To perform the desired tests, we will need to obtain the IP Istio Load Balancer that we selected in the [Gateway section](#gateway).
+
+On my environment, the IP is the `192.168.1.50`.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+```
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+### helloworld
+
+Due to rewriting the URL path internally, we are able to connect to the backend root path (`/`) 
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s | grep "<h1>.*</h1>" 
+```
+```text
+<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
+```
+
+### norewrite
+
+As expected, due the backend service not having a destination path named `/norewrite`, we receive a status code 404 as well of their pertinent service error page.
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s | grep "<h1>.*</h1>" 
+```
+```text
+<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
+```
+
+## Cleanup`
+
+Finally, a cleanup from the resources deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps "helloworld-nginx" deleted
+service "helloworld" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-vs" deleted
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+```
+
+# Links of interest
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPRewrite

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /norewrite
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80

02-Traffic_management/03-HTTPRewrite/gateway.yaml

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld-gateway.yaml
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: Gateway
 metadata:
@@ -13,24 +12,3 @@ spec:
         protocol: HTTP
       hosts:
         - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
-            port:
-              number: 80
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"

02-Traffic_management/04-HTTPRedirect/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"

02-Traffic_management/04-HTTPRedirect/README.md

@@ -1,61 +1,255 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
 
+# Description
 
-# Continues from
+Based on the [previous example](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment), we create multiple rules in the [VirtualService](#virtualservice) that will make usage of the `redirect` field to modify the request received and redirect the incoming request towards a new destination.
 
-- 01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment
+This example configures:
 
+    Istio resources:
+    - 1 Gateway
+    - 1 Virtual Service
 
+# Based on
 
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPRedirect
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
 
-## The idea is that this rewrite is handled "externally" by the client, not by Istio.
+# Configuration
 
+## Gateway
 
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
 
-## Practical examples
+It doesn't filter for any specific host.
 
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
 
-### HTTP to HTTPS redirect.
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
 
-The following Virtual Service configuration will redirect all the incoming traffic from the gateway `my-gateway` that uses the http protocol, to the https protocol.
-
-In this example, it would forward all the `http` traffic without taking into account which port is used. 
-
-```
+```yaml
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
+kind: Gateway
 metadata:
-  name: to-https-vs
+  name: helloworld-gateway
 spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - my-gateway
-  http:
-  - match:
-    - name: to_https
-      match:
-        scheme: http
-      redirect:
-        scheme: https
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
 ```
 
-### Migrated from a domain
+## VirtualService
 
-The following will update the requests coming "to" the domain `old.domain.com` and rewrite the URL to use the "new" `new.domain.com`
+The configuration set, targets the [gateway created](#gateway) as well of not limiting the traffic to any specific host.
+
+We configure 3 HTTP rules.
+
+- to_https
+
+A practical example regarding modifying protocol used from the incoming traffic request.
+
+It will set the protocol used to `HTTPS`.
+
+> **Note:**\
+> Bear in mind that this example is not planned to be used `as it is` on production environments as other configurations should be applied, as an example you should target a specific source port.
+
+- wikipedia
+
+We are using the regex query `/wiki/?` to match the URL path, this rule allows us to target both `/wiki` and `/wiki/`.
+
+On this example we will redirect the traffic that accesses to this rule towards the Wikipedia page, as well the protocol will be modified and set to `HTTPS`.
+
+- wikipedia_search
+
+Very similar to the previous rule, we will match the traffic that, as a prefix of the URl used, as long it starts by `/wiki/`.
+
+More information about the behavior of ties rule will be seen in the [Walkthrough](#walkthrough) section. 
 
 ```yaml
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:
-  name: update-domain-vs
+  name: helloworld-vs
 spec:
   hosts:
-    - "old.domain.com"
+    - "*"
   gateways:
     - helloworld-gateway
   http:
-    - name: forward-to-new-domain
+    - name: to_https
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /https
       redirect:
-        authority: "new.domain.com"
-```
+        scheme: "https"
+
+    - name: wikipedia
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            regex: "/wiki/?"
+      redirect:
+        uri: "/"
+        scheme: "https"
+        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"
+
+    - name: wikipedia_search
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            prefix: "/wiki/"
+      redirect:
+        scheme: "https"
+        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"
+```
+
+# Walkthrough
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+Deploy the resources.
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./
+```
+```text 
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
+```
+
+## Test the rules
+
+### Get LB IP
+
+To perform the desired tests, we will need to obtain the IP Istio Load Balancer that we selected in the [Gateway section](#gateway).
+
+On my environment, the IP is the `192.168.1.50`.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+```
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+### to_https
+
+We are receiving the status code `301` as the request is being modified.
+
+By default `curl` won't follow the redirects. 
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/https -I
+```
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
+location: https://192.168.1.50/https
+date: Fri, 05 May 2023 00:15:41 GMT
+server: istio-envoy
+transfer-encoding: chunked
+```
+ 
+The flag `-L` can be used to allow `curl` to follow redirects, as well of `-v` to increase the verbosity to review the behavior.
+
+From the output received, we can see how the request initially points towards the port `80`.
+
+After receiving the status code `301`, we can see the following line `Clear auth, redirects to port from 80 to 443`, stating that there was a redirect that changed the destination port, from `80`, to `443`.
+
+As well, there is the line `Issue another request to this URL: 'https://192.168.1.50/https'`, which confirms that the protocol used, which previously was using `HTTP`, now is using `HTTPS`.
+
+This proves that the configuration set is currently being applied and works as intended.
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/https -L -v
+```
+
+```text
+*   Trying 192.168.1.50:80...
+* Connected to 192.168.1.50 (192.168.1.50) port 80 (#0)
+> GET /https HTTP/1.1
+> Host: 192.168.1.50
+> User-Agent: curl/8.0.1
+> Accept: */*
+> 
+< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
+< location: https://192.168.1.50/https
+< date: Fri, 05 May 2023 00:17:12 GMT
+< server: istio-envoy
+< content-length: 0
+< 
+* Connection #0 to host 192.168.1.50 left intact
+* Clear auth, redirects to port from 80 to 443
+* Issue another request to this URL: 'https://192.168.1.50/https'
+*   Trying 192.168.1.50:443...
+* connect to 192.168.1.50 port 443 failed: Connection refused
+* Failed to connect to 192.168.1.50 port 443 after 0 ms: Couldn't connect to server
+* Closing connection 1
+curl: (7) Failed to connect to 192.168.1.50 port 443 after 0 ms: Couldn't connect to server
+```
+
+### /wiki/
+
+On this example I will be using the Firefox browser to access the destination path `/wiki/`.  
+
+Which on accessing the path, it modified the request and forwarded the traffic towards the path `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki`.
+
+After accessing such destination, Wikipedia will forward you to the path `/wiki/Main_Page`, as we didn't target any specific element from the wiki.
+
+```shell
+firefox 192.168.1.50/wiki/
+```
+![img.png](src/img.png)
+
+### /wiki/*
+
+On this example I will be using the Firefox browser to access the destination path `/wiki/Istio` and `/wiki/Gitea`.
+
+This will forward us towards the pertinent wiki service, as meanwhile the domain is modified, the path remains the same, allowing us to match the right destination paths.
+
+```shell
+firefox 192.168.1.50/wiki/Service_mesh
+```
+
+![img_1.png](src/img_1.png)
+
+```shell
+firefox 192.168.1.50/wiki/Gitea
+```
+
+![img_2.png](src/img_2.png)
+
+
+## Cleanup
+
+Finally, a cleanup from the resources deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-vs" deleted
+```
+
+# Links of interest
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPRedirect
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

02-Traffic_management/04-HTTPRedirect/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - name: to_https
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /https
+      redirect:
+        scheme: "https"
+
+    - name: wikipedia
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            regex: "/wiki/?"
+      redirect:
+        uri: "/"
+        scheme: "https"
+        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"
+
+    - name: wikipedia_search
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            prefix: "/wiki/"
+      redirect:
+        scheme: "https"
+        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"

02-Traffic_management/04-HTTPRedirect/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80

02-Traffic_management/04-HTTPRedirect/gateway.yaml

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld-gateway.yaml
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
-            port:
-              number: 80
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"
-    - name: to_https
-      match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /https
-          scheme: http
-      redirect:
-        scheme: "https"
-    - name: wikipedia
-      match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: "/wiki"
-      redirect:
-        uri: "/"
-        scheme: "https"
-        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"
-    - name: wikipedia_search
-      match:
-        - uri:
-            prefix: "/wiki/"
-      redirect:
-        scheme: "https"
-        authority: "en.wikipedia.org"

02-Traffic_management/05a-FaultInjection-delay/README.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Continues from
-
-- 01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPFaultInjection-Delay
-

02-Traffic_management/05a-FaultInjection-delay/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80

02-Traffic_management/05b-FaultInjection-abort/README.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Continues from
-
-- 05a-FaultInjection-delay
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/virtual-service/#HTTPFaultInjection-Abort
-
-
-
-curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -I  
-

02-Traffic_management/06-hello_world_1_HTTPS-Service_Entry/gateway.yaml

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - name: https-external-service
-      timeout: 3s
-      match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: "/external"
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: "github.com"
-            port:
-              number: 8443
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/OriolFilter/"
-      headers:
-        request:
-          set:
-            HOST: "github.com"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: DestinationRule
-metadata:
-  name: github.com
-  namespace: default
-spec:
-  host: github.com
-  trafficPolicy:
-    portLevelSettings:
-      - port:
-          number: 8443
-        tls:
-          mode: SIMPLE

02-Traffic_management/09-HTTPS-backend/gateway.yaml

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-    - port:
-        number: 443
-        name: https
-        protocol: HTTPS
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-      tls:
-        credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret
-        mode: SIMPLE
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - name: https-vs
-      match:
-        - port: 80
-        - port: 443
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
-            port:
-              number: 8443
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: DestinationRule
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  namespace: default
-spec:
-    host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
-    trafficPolicy:
-      portLevelSettings:
-        - port:
-            number: 8443
-          tls:
-            mode: SIMPLE

02-Traffic_management/10-TCP-FORWARDING/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 8080
-      name: http-web
-      targetPort: 80
-      protocol: TCP
-    - port: 8443
-      name: https-web
-      targetPort: 443
-      protocol: TCP
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: oriolfilter/https-nginx-demo
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80
-            - containerPort: 443

02-Traffic_management/11-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - name: https
-      port: 8443
-      targetPort: 443
-      protocol: TCP
-      appProtocol: HTTPS
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: oriolfilter/https-nginx-demo
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: Always #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80
-            - containerPort: 443
-#---
-#apiVersion: apps/v1
-#kind: Deployment
-#metadata:
-#  name: nginx
-#  labels:
-#    app: nginx
-#    version: v1
-#spec:
-#  replicas: 1
-#  selector:
-#    matchLabels:
-#      app: nginx
-#      version: v1
-#  template:
-#    metadata:
-#      labels:
-#        app: nginx
-#        version: v1
-#    spec:
-#      #      serviceAccountName: istio-helloworld
-#      containers:
-#        - name: nginx
-#          image: nginx
-#          resources:
-#            requests:
-#              cpu: "100m"
-#          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
-#          ports:
-#            - containerPort: 80

02-Traffic_management/README.md

@@ -1,23 +1,12 @@
+# Description
+
+This section involves the configuration of `Virtual Service` objects.
+
 # Examples
 
-(almost) ALL NEEDS DOCUMENTATION / REVIEW
-
-- 01-2_deployments_method
+- 01-header_routing
 - 02-DirectResponse-HTTP-Body
 - 03-HTTPRewrite
 - 04-HTTPRedirect
-- 05a-FaultInjection-delay
-- 05b-FaultInjection-abort
-- 06-mTLS  (would need some documentation review, mainly go over the differences respective to the template/prior configuration used)
-- 07-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS   <- Doesn't respect the changelog format.
-- 08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version
-- 08b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version
-- 09-HTTPS-backend
-- 10-TCP-FORWARDING
-- 11-TLS-PASSTHROUGH
-- 12-HTTP-to-HTTPS-traffic-redirect    -> Documented.  
 
 
-
-This will need some reorganization.
-

03-Gateway_Ingress/01-Host_Based_Routing/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:

03-Gateway_Ingress/01-Host_Based_Routing/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "my.domain"

03-Gateway_Ingress/01-Host_Based_Routing/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
+
+# Description
+
+This example deploys the same infrastructure as the [previous example](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment), and restricts the access to the gateway based on the domain host from the destination URL.
+
+The domain host targeted will be `my.domain`.
+
+This example configures:
+
+    Generic Kubernetes resources:
+    - 1 Service
+    - 1 Deployment
+    
+    Istio resources:
+    - 1 Gateway
+    - 1 Virtual Service
+
+> **Note:**\
+> I don't intend to explain thing related to Kubernetes unless necessary.
+
+
+# Based on
+
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
+
+# Configuration
+
+## Service
+
+Creates a service named `helloworld`.
+
+This service listens for the port `80` expecting `HTTP` traffic and will forward the incoming traffic towards the port `80` from the destination pod.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld
+```
+
+## Deployment
+
+Deploys a Nginx server that listens for the port `80`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+## Gateway
+
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
+
+The gateway only will allow the traffic that uses as a URL host: `my.domain`.
+
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
+
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "my.domain"
+```
+
+## VirtualService
+
+The Virtual Service resources are used to route and filter the received traffic from the gateway resources, and route it towards the desired destination.
+
+On this example we select the gateway `helloworld-gateway`, which is the [gateway that 's described in the `Gateway` section](#gateway).
+
+On this resource, we are also not limiting the incoming traffic to any specific host, allowing for all the incoming traffic to go through the rules set.
+
+Here we created a rule that will be applied on `HTTP` related traffic (including `HTTPS` and `HTTP2`) when the destination path is exactly `/helloworld`.
+
+This traffic will be forwarded to the port `80` of the destination service `helloworld` (the full path URL equivalent would be `helloworld.$NAMESPACE.svc.cluster.local`).
+
+Additionally, there will be an internal URL rewrite set, as if the URL is not modified, it would attempt to reach to the `/helloworld` path from the Nginx deployment, which currently has no content and would result in an error code `404` (Not found).
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+```
+
+# Walkthrough
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+Deploy the resources.
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./ 
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+service/helloworld created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
+```
+
+## Wait for the deployment to be ready
+
+Wait for the Nginx deployment to be up and ready.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w 
+```
+```text
+NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           44s
+```
+
+## Test the service
+
+### Get LB IP
+
+To perform the desired tests, we will need to obtain the IP Istio Load Balancer that we selected in the [Gateway section](#gateway).
+
+On my environment, the IP is the `192.168.1.50`.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+```
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+### Curl /helloworld
+
+When performing a curl towards the destination path, as we are not using the domain host specified in the [gateway resource](#gateway), we are failing to match any rule.
+
+```shell
+ curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -I
+```
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
+date: Wed, 10 May 2023 08:25:26 GMT
+server: istio-envoy
+transfer-encoding: chunked
+```
+
+### Curl my.domain/helloworld
+
+We can "fake" the destination domain by modifying the `Host` header.
+
+After setting that up, and attempting to curl the destination, we receive a positive response from the Nginx backend. 
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s -HHOST:my.domain | grep "<title>.*</title>"
+```
+```text
+<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
+```
+
+
+## Cleanup
+
+Finally, a cleanup from the resources deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps "helloworld-nginx" deleted
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+service "helloworld" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-vs" deleted
+```
+
+# Links of interest
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/

03-Gateway_Ingress/01-Host_Based_Routing/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/01-Host_Based_Routing/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -1,22 +1,4 @@
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 443
-        name: secure-http
-        protocol: HTTPS
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-      tls:
-        mode: SIMPLE
-        credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:
   name: helloworld-vs

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/01-namespace.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Namespace
+metadata:
+  name: foo

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http-b
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "foo/*"

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
+
+# Description
+
+This example deploys the same infrastructure as the [previous example](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment), and restrict which `VirtualService` Istio resources can access/select the `Gateway` Istio resource, based on the `VirtualService` namespace.
+
+The domain host targeted will be `my.domain`.
+
+This example configures:
+
+    Generic Kubernetes resources:
+    - 1 Service
+    - 1 Deployment
+    - 1 Namespace
+    
+    Istio resources (`default` namespace):
+    - 1 Gateway
+    -  Virtual Service
+
+    Istio resources (`foo`namespace):
+    - 1 Virtual Service
+
+> **Note:**\
+> I don't intend to explain thing related to Kubernetes unless necessary.
+
+# Based on
+
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
+
+# Configuration
+
+## Service
+
+Creates a service named `helloworld`.
+
+This service listens for the port `80` expecting `HTTP` traffic and will forward the incoming traffic towards the port `80` from the destination pod.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld
+```
+
+## Deployment
+
+Deploys a Nginx server that listens for the port `80`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+## Namespace
+
+Creates a namespace named `foo`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Namespace
+metadata:
+  name: foo
+```
+
+## Gateway
+
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
+
+The gateway won't target any specific host domain, yet limits the `VirtualService` Istio resources that can target this gateway, limiting its access to the `VirtualServices` Istio resources created in the `foo` namespace.
+
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
+
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http-b
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "foo/*"
+```
+
+## VirtualService
+
+We will create two `VirtualServices` with the same configuration, only difference will be the namespace they are created onto (and the destination path), this will be used to test if the [`Gateway` namespace restriction configured](#gateway) is being applied to the `VirtualService` resources as desired. 
+
+On this example we select the gateway `helloworld-gateway`, which is the [gateway that 's described in the `Gateway` section](#gateway).
+
+On this resource, we are also not limiting the incoming traffic to any specific host, allowing for all the incoming traffic to go through the rules set.
+
+Additionally, there will be an internal URL rewrite set, as if the URL is not modified, it would attempt to reach to the `/helloworld` path from the Nginx deployment, which currently has no content and would result in an error code `404` (Not found).
+
+
+## helloworld-foo
+
+`VirtualService` created in the namespace `foo`.
+
+Here we created a rule that will be applied on `HTTP` related traffic (including `HTTPS` and `HTTP2`) when the destination path is exactly `/helloworld`.
+
+This traffic will be forwarded to the port `80` of the destination service `helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-foo
+  namespace: foo
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - default/helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+```
+
+## helloworld-default
+
+`VirtualService` created in the namespace `default`.
+
+Here we created a rule that will be applied on `HTTP` related traffic (including `HTTPS` and `HTTP2`) when the destination path is exactly `/failure`.
+
+This traffic will be forwarded to the port `80` of the destination service `helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-default
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - default/helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /failure
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+```
+
+# Walkthrough
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+Deploy the resources.
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./ 
+```
+```text
+namespace/foo created
+deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+service/helloworld created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-foo created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-default created
+```
+
+## Wait for the deployment to be ready
+
+Wait for the Nginx deployment to be up and ready.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w 
+```
+```text
+NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           44s
+```
+
+## Test the service
+
+### Get LB IP
+
+To perform the desired tests, we will need to obtain the IP Istio Load Balancer that we selected in the [Gateway section](#gateway).
+
+On my environment, the IP is the `192.168.1.50`.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+```
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+### Curl /helloworld
+
+When performing a curl towards the destination path, as we are not using the domain host specified in the [gateway resource](#gateway), we are failing to match any rule.
+
+```shell
+ curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -I
+```
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
+date: Wed, 10 May 2023 08:25:26 GMT
+server: istio-envoy
+transfer-encoding: chunked
+```
+
+### Curl my.domain/helloworld
+
+We can "fake" the destination domain by modifying the `Host` header.
+
+After setting that up, and attempting to curl the destination, we receive a positive response from the Nginx backend. 
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s -HHOST:my.domain | grep "<title>.*</title>"
+```
+```text
+<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
+```
+
+
+## Cleanup
+
+Finally, a cleanup from the resources deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+namespace "foo" deleted
+deployment.apps "helloworld-nginx" deleted
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+service "helloworld" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-foo" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-default" deleted
+```
+
+# Links of interest
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/02-Restrict_Namespaces/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-foo
+  namespace: foo
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - default/helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+---
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-default
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - default/helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /failure
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,17 +1,3 @@
-## https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 8080
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:

03-Gateway_Ingress/03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 443
+        name: secure-http
+        protocol: HTTPS
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+      tls:
+        mode: SIMPLE
+        credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret

03-Gateway_Ingress/03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting%20Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version/Deployment.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80

03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version/Gateway.yaml

@@ -16,24 +16,3 @@ spec:
         mode: SIMPLE
         credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret
         minProtocolVersion: TLSV1_3
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld
-            port:
-              number: 80
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [07-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS](../07-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS)
+- [03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS](../03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/04b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version/Deployment.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80

03-Gateway_Ingress/04b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version/Gateway.yaml

@@ -16,24 +16,3 @@ spec:
         mode: SIMPLE
         credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret
         maxProtocolVersion: TLSV1_2
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld
-            port:
-              number: 80
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/04b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
+- [04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/04b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/04b-HTTPS-max-TLS-version/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"

03-Gateway_Ingress/05-TCP-FORWARDING/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,18 +1,3 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 8080
-      name: http
-      targetPort: 80
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
@@ -31,10 +16,11 @@ spec:
     spec:
       containers:
         - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
+          image: oriolfilter/https-nginx-demo
           resources:
             requests:
               cpu: "100m"
           imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
           ports:
             - containerPort: 80
+            - containerPort: 443

03-Gateway_Ingress/05-TCP-FORWARDING/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: tcp-1
+        protocol: TCP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+    - port:
+        number: 443
+        name: tcp-2
+        protocol: TCP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"

03-Gateway_Ingress/05-TCP-FORWARDING/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
+- [04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/05-TCP-FORWARDING/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 8080
+      name: http-web
+      targetPort: 80
+      protocol: TCP
+    - port: 8443
+      name: https-web
+      targetPort: 443
+      protocol: TCP
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/05-TCP-FORWARDING/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -1,25 +1,4 @@
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: tcp-1
-        protocol: TCP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-    - port:
-        number: 443
-        name: tcp-2
-        protocol: TCP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:
   name: helloworld-vs

03-Gateway_Ingress/06-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/Deployment.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: oriolfilter/https-nginx-demo
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: Always #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+            - containerPort: 443

03-Gateway_Ingress/06-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 443
+        name: https-web
+        protocol: HTTPS
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+      tls:
+        mode: PASSTHROUGH

03-Gateway_Ingress/06-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [10-TCP-FORWARDING](../10-TCP-FORWARDING)
+- [05-TCP-FORWARDING](../05-TCP-FORWARDING)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/06-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - name: https
+      port: 8443
+      targetPort: 443
+      protocol: TCP
+      appProtocol: HTTPS
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

03-Gateway_Ingress/06-TLS-PASSTHROUGH/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -1,22 +1,4 @@
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-  namespace: default
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 443
-        name: https-web
-        protocol: HTTPS
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-      tls:
-        mode: PASSTHROUGH
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:
   name: helloworld-vs

03-Gateway_Ingress/07-HTTP-to-HTTPS-traffic-redirect/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [07-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS](../07-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS)
+- [03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS](../03-HTTPS-Gateway-Simple-TLS)
 
 # Description
 

03-Gateway_Ingress/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Description
+
+This section focuses (but not limited to) on the configuration of `gateway` objects, providing examples of instances regarding how to limit to which `VirtualService` objects a `Gateway` object can connect to, regarding how to configure a HTTP to HTTPS redirect, or it's TLS configuration. 
+
+# Examples
+
+- 01-header_routing
+- 02-DirectResponse-HTTP-Body
+- 03-HTTPRewrite
+- 04-HTTPRedirect
+
+

03-Sidecar/01-ingress-proxy-forwarding/README.md

@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-# Continues from
-
-- 01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment
-
-# TO TRAFFIC PATH DIAGRAM
-
-`etc -> "POD" -> sidecar -> service container`
-
-# Description
-
-This example configures the sidecar proxy on the pods created, to forward the traffic incoming from the port `8080` to the port `80`
-
-## Files
-
-- deployment.yaml
-- gateway.yaml
-- sidecar.yaml
-
-> Added the `sidecar.yaml` file.
-
-## deployment.yaml
-
-### Creates
-
-#### Service
-
-- helloworld
-
-#### Deployments
-
-- helloworld-nginx  (Nginx container)
-
-## gateway.yaml
-
-### Creates
-
-#### Gateway
-
-##### helloworld-gateway
-
-###### Configuration
-
-```yml
-...
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
-```
-
-#### VirtualService
-
-##### helloworld-vs
-
-###### Configuration
-
-```yaml
-...
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
-            port:
-              number: 8080
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"
-```
-
-- On this example, we are using the port `8080` as a destination.
-
-## sidecar.yaml
-
-### creates
-
-#### sidecar
-
-##### helloworld-sidecar
-
-###### Configuration
-
-```yaml
-...
-spec:
-  workloadSelector:
-    labels:
-      app: helloworld
-  ingress:
-    - port:
-        number: 8080
-        protocol: HTTP
-        name: ingressport
-      defaultEndpoint: 127.0.0.1:80
-````
-
-workloadSelector:
-
-> `workloadSelector` is used to target the `PODS`, on which apply this sidecar configuration. \
-> Bear in mind that this configuration doesn't target kinds `Service`, nor `Deployment`, it's applied to a kind `Pod` or `ServiceEntry` \
-> If there is no `workloadSelector` specified, it will be used as default configuration for the namespace on which was created. \
-> More info in the [Istio documentation for workloadSelector](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/#WorkloadSelector)
-
-ingress:
-
-> Configure the behavior of the ingress traffic.\
-> On this "grabs"/targets the ingress traffic with port 8080, and forwards it to the port IP `127.0.0.1` (loopback) respective to the destination pod, with the destination port set to 80, which is the port that the service is currently listening to.
-
-# Run example
-
-## Deploy resources
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl apply -f ./
-service/helloworld created
-deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
-gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
-virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
-sidecar.networking.istio.io/helloworld-sidecar created
-```
-
-## Wait for the pods to be ready
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w
-NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
-helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           39s
-```
-
-## Test the service
-
-### Get LB IP
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system
-NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
-istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
-```
-
-### Curl
-
-```shell
-$ curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s | grep "<title>.*</title>"
-<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
-```
-
-### Delete the sidecar configuration to force failure.
-
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl delete sidecars.networking.istio.io helloworld-sidecar
-sidecar.networking.istio.io "helloworld-sidecar" deleted
-```
-### Curl again
-
-```shell
-$ curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s
-upstream connect error or disconnect/reset before headers. reset reason: connection failure, transport failure reason: delayed connect error: 111
-```
-

03-Sidecar/README.md

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-
-## Examples
-
-- 01-ingress-proxy-forwarding
-
--
-
-
-
-Duplicate 01, and show how it also affects traffic between services.00
-
-
-
-
-egress from (pod to pod)
-
-mtls
-
-
-
-examples showing application priority (root < namespace < workload)
-
-
-
-
-istioctl install profile=default --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY
-
-
-
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl get istiooperators.install.istio.io -n istio-system
-NAME              REVISION   STATUS   AGE
-installed-state                       8d
-```
-
-kubectl patch istiooperators installed-state -n istio-system --patch-file patch.txt
-
-
-kubectl patch istiooperators installed-state -n istio-system --patch-file patch.yaml  --type merge
-
-
-
-
-
-
----
-Set the default behavior of the sidecar for handling outbound traffic from the application. If your application uses one or more external services that are not known apriori, setting the policy to ALLOW_ANY will cause the sidecars to route any unknown traffic originating from the application to its requested destination.
-
-
-
----
-https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75093144/istio-sidecar-is-not-restricting-pod-connections-as-desired
-
-https://github.com/istio/istio/issues/33387
-
-https://gist.github.com/GregHanson/3567f5a23bcd58ad1a8acf2a4d1155eb
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/?_ga=2.259114634.1481027401.1681916557-32589553.1681916557#change-to-the-blocking-by-default-policy
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-https://docs.tetrate.io/service-bridge/1.6.x/en-us/operations     ?
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/glossary/#workload
-
-
-I am not very sure on how or why to use this...
-
-
-
-NOT HOW TO TRIGGER / UNTRIGGER IT
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion:
- networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Sidecar
-metadata:
-  name: default
-  namespace: foo
-spec:
-  egress:
-    - hosts:
-      - "./*"
-      - "istio-system/*"
-```
-
-
-
-whats this again??
-
-istio operator right? ye, but what is it again? I think I checked this time ago when doing something about creating a new ingress
-
-
-kubectl get io -A
-
-
-2023-04-17T00:08:00.086475Z     info    validationController    Not ready to switch validation to fail-closed: dummy invalid config not rejected
-
-
-2023-04-17T00:08:04.012630Z     info    validationServer        configuration is invalid: gateway must have at least one server
-
-
-
-
-kubectl logs -f deployments/istiod -n istio-system   
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/
-
-
-
-
-  egress:
-  - port:
-      number: 8080
-      protocol: HTTP
-    hosts:
-    - "staging/*"
-
-
-
-With the YAML above, the sidecar proxies the traffic that’s bound for port 8080 for services running in the staging namespace.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-- Confirm pod ingress port forwarding
-
-- Confirm it can reach other places / namespaces / resources (pod egress)
-
-- mtls (somehow)
-
-
-# Ingress
-
-Does stuff
-
-# Egress
-
-What is "bind"
-
-# CaptureMode
-
-Not my problem rn

04-Backends/01-Service_Entry/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"

04-Backends/01-Service_Entry/README.md

@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ Bear in mind that when Istio is communicating with resources externals to the me
 Also, policy enforcement is performed in the client side instead of the server side.
 
 > **Note:**/
-> For more information regarding the `resolution` field or the `location` field, refer to the following official Istio documentations:
-> [ServiceEntry.Location](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Location)
-> [ServiceEntry.Resolution](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Resolution)
+> For more information regarding the `resolution` field or the `location` field, refer to the following official Istio documentations:\
+> - [ServiceEntry.Location](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Location)\
+> - [ServiceEntry.Resolution](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Resolution)
 
 ```yaml
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
 ### Get LB IP
 
 ```shell
-$ kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
 ```
 ```text
 NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
@@ -177,14 +177,15 @@ curl 192.168.1.50/external
 
 We don't receive any output.
 
-This could be due, even if we resolve the destination IP for the URL `info.cern.ch`, the destination might have a Reverse Proxy or any other ingress resource that could condition handling this request.
+Even if we resolve the destination IP for the URL `info.cern.ch`, the destination might have a **Reverse Proxy** or any other ingress resource that could condition handling this request.
 
-Due to the `HOST` field not being modified after we set the request, it might not be able to pass the filtering set, weather it is security wise, for example, requiring such field to allow the request; or it being a routing condition, which due not having this field specified, it's not able to route the request towards the destination desired.
+Due to the `HOST` field not being modified after we set the request, it might not be able to pass the filtering rules set on the destination server, on this scenario being the service responsible for receiving requests with the URL `info.cern.ch`.
 
 ```shell
 curl 192.168.1.50/external-noh
 ```
 ```text
+</pre></body></html>
 ```
 
 ## Cleanup

04-Backends/01-Service_Entry/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -1,19 +1,4 @@
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:
   name: helloworld-vs

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/Deployment.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
+
+# Description
+
+Based on the previous example where we configured an external service through a `ServiceEntry` object, this example compares the behavior between setting up the MeshConfig `OutboundTrafficPolicy.mode` setting to `REGISTRY_ONLY` and `ALLOW_ANY`.
+
+- ALLOW_ANY: Allows all egress/outbound traffic from the mesh.
+
+- REGISTRY_ONLY: Restricted to services that figure in the service registry a and the ServiceEntry objects.
+
+More info regarding this configuration at the pertinent documentation (https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/#MeshConfig-OutboundTrafficPolicy-Mode)
+
+> **Note:**\
+> For more information about the image used refer to [here](https://hub.docker.com/r/oriolfilter/https-nginx-demo)
+
+# Based on
+
+- [01-Service_Entry](../01-Service_Entry)
+
+# Configuration
+
+## Gateway
+
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
+
+It doesn't filter for any specific host.
+
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
+
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
+
+```shell
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+```
+
+> **Note:**\
+> The credentials resource is created further bellow through the [Walkthrough](#walkthrough) steps.
+
+> **Note:**\
+> For more information regarding the TLS mode configuration, refer to the following [Istio documentation regarding the TLS mode field](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/gateway/#ServerTLSSettings-TLSmode).
+
+## VirtualService
+
+This configuration hosts 2 backends, 1 being the deployed service `helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local`, which will be accessible through the URL path `/helloworld`.
+
+The second service will be accessible through the URL path `/external`, and will use as a backend the deployed `ServiceEntry` object, as well it has a timeout setting of 3 seconds.
+
+This destination is the service that contains the `HTTPS` deployment, running over the port `8443`
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+
+    - timeout: 3s
+      match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: "/external"
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: help.websiteos.com
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/websiteos/example_of_a_simple_html_page.htm"
+      headers:
+        request:
+          set:
+            HOST: "help.websiteos.com"
+```
+
+## Service
+
+The service will forward incoming HTTP TCP traffic from the port `80`, towards the deployment port `80`.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld
+```
+
+## Deployment
+
+Nginx deployment listens to port 80.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+### ServiceEntry
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: ServiceEntry
+metadata:
+  name: external-svc
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - help.websiteos.com
+  ports:
+    - number: 80
+      name: http
+      protocol: HTTP
+  resolution: DNS
+  location: MESH_EXTERNAL
+```
+
+## ServiceEntry
+
+This `ServiceEntry` resource, defines as a destination the URL `help.websiteos.com`.
+
+Note that location is set to `MESH_EXTERNAL` and that the resolution is set to `DNS`, this means that the resource is external to ou `Istio Service Mesh`, and the URL will be resolved through `DNS`
+
+Bear in mind that when Istio is communicating with resources externals to the mesh, `mTLS` is disabled.
+
+Also, policy enforcement is performed in the client side instead of the server side.
+
+> **Note:**/
+> For more information regarding the `resolution` field or the `location` field, refer to the following official Istio documentations:\
+> - [ServiceEntry.Location](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Location)\
+> - [ServiceEntry.Resolution](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/#ServiceEntry-Resolution)
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: ServiceEntry
+metadata:
+  name: external-svc
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - help.websiteos.com
+  ports:
+    - number: 80
+      name: http
+      protocol: HTTP
+  resolution: DNS
+  location: MESH_EXTERNAL
+```
+
+
+# Walkthrough
+
+## Set ALLOW_ANY outbound traffic policy
+
+First step will be to have the cluster with the `meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode` setting set to `ALLOW_ANY`.
+
+In case you are not using a "free to destroy" sandbox, you should update the setting through the `IstioOperator` object.
+
+```shell
+istioctl install --set profile=default -y --set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout  --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=ALLOW_ANY
+```
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+service/helloworld created
+serviceentry.networking.istio.io/external-svc created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
+```
+
+## Get LB IP
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system
+```
+
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+## Test deployments
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -I
+```
+
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+server: istio-envoy
+date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 10:53:45 GMT
+content-type: text/html
+content-length: 615
+last-modified: Tue, 15 Aug 2023 17:03:04 GMT
+etag: "64dbafc8-267"
+accept-ranges: bytes
+x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 53
+```
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/external -I
+```
+
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 10:54:13 GMT
+content-type: text/html
+content-length: 5186
+last-modified: Mon, 17 Mar 2014 17:25:03 GMT
+expires: Thu, 31 Dec 2037 23:55:55 GMT
+cache-control: max-age=315360000
+x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 306
+server: istio-envoy
+```
+
+
+## Test egress the helloworld deployment
+
+It returns a 301 code, meaning that it was able to reach the destination, and it was attempted to redirect the traffic from HTTP to HTTPS.
+
+```shell
+kubectl exec -i -t "$(kubectl get pod -l app=helloworld | tail -n 1 | awk '{print $1}')" -- curl wikipedia.com -I
+```
+
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
+server: envoy
+date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 10:54:34 GMT
+content-type: text/html
+content-length: 169
+location: https://wikipedia.com/
+x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 61
+```
+
+## Set REGISTRY_ONLY outbound traffic policy
+
+```shell
+istioctl install --set profile=default -y --set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout  --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY
+```
+
+In case you are not using a "free to destroy" sandbox, you should update the setting through the `IstioOperator` object.
+
+## Test (again) egress the helloworld deployment
+
+It returns a 502 code, meaning that it wasn't able to reach the destination.
+
+```shell
+kubectl exec -i -t "$(kubectl get pod -l app=helloworld | tail -n 1 | awk '{print $1}')" -- curl wikipedia.com -I
+```
+
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway
+date: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 18:08:37 GMT
+server: envoy
+transfer-encoding: chunked
+```
+
+This allowed us to confirm how the setting `outboundTrafficPolicy.mode` influences the reachability of the traffic.
+
+## Cleanup
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps "helloworld-nginx" deleted
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+service "helloworld" deleted
+serviceentry.networking.istio.io "external-svc" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-vs" deleted
+```
+
+# Links of Interest
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/#controlled-access-to-external-services
+
+- https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/egress/egress-control/#envoy-passthrough-to-external-services

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 80
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/ServiceEntry.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: ServiceEntry
+metadata:
+  name: external-svc
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - help.websiteos.com
+  ports:
+    - number: 80
+      name: http
+      protocol: HTTP
+  resolution: DNS
+  location: MESH_EXTERNAL

04-Backends/02-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld-gateway.yaml
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
 apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
 kind: VirtualService
 metadata:

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/Deployment.yaml

@@ -1,20 +1,3 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 8443
-      name: https
-      targetPort: 443
-      protocol: TCP
-      appProtocol: https
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/DestinationRule.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: DestinationRule
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+  trafficPolicy:
+    portLevelSettings:
+      - port:
+          number: 8443
+        tls:
+          mode: SIMPLE

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+    - port:
+        number: 443
+        name: https
+        protocol: HTTPS
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+      tls:
+        credentialName: my-tls-cert-secret
+        mode: SIMPLE

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ include_toc: true
 
 # Based on
 
-- [08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../08a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
+- [03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version](../../03-Gateway_Ingress/04a-HTTPS-min-TLS-version)
 
 # Description
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ spec:
 ```
 
 > **Note**:\
-> As this configuration is very board, and targets the whole namespace, I would strongly recommend referring to the following example [06-Internal-Authentication/02-target-service-accounts](../../06-AuthorizationPolicy/02-target-service-accounts), which shows how to target service accounts set to resources, limiting the scope of this rule set.
+> As this configuration is very board, and targets the whole namespace, I would strongly recommend referring to the following example [06-Internal-Authentication/02-AuthorizationPolicy-Target-Service-Accounts](../../08-AuthorizationPolicy/02-AuthorizationPolicy-Target-Service-Accounts), which shows how to target service accounts set to resources, limiting the scope of this rule set.
 
 # Walkthrough
 

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/Service.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+    service: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 8443
+      name: https
+      targetPort: 443
+      protocol: TCP
+      appProtocol: https
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld

04-Backends/03-HTTPS-backend/VirtualService.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - name: https-vs
+      match:
+        - port: 80
+        - port: 443
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld.default.svc.cluster.local
+            port:
+              number: 8443

04-Backends/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Description
+
+This section will focus on the interaction with the backend and routing the traffic towards it.
+
+## Examples
+
+01-Service_Entry
+02-HTTPS-backend
+03-Outboud-Traffic-Policy
+04-HTTPS-backend-with-mTLS (TODO)
+
+## Heads up
+
+On the example `03-Outboud-Traffic-Policy`, Istio's `meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy` will require to be modified.
+
+On the example it's used the `istioctl install` command to set that up, as I assume you are testing this examples in a sandbox that you are free to "destroy".
+

04-Envoy/01-envoy_add_headers/README.md

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-https://github.com/istio/istio/wiki/EnvoyFilter-Samples
-
-https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73262158/how-to-apply-envoyfilter-to-sidecar-inbound-and-gateway
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/envoy-filter/
-
-https://discuss.istio.io/t/adding-custom-response-headers-using-istios-1-6-0-envoy-lua-filter/7494
-
-
-
-https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/configuration/http/http_filters/lua_filter
-
-
-> kubectl logs -f deployments/istiod -n istio-system   
-
-
-
-This somewhat is monitoring, can do cool stuff I don't know how or what to do
-
-
-enable export access logs to stdout
-
-
-istioctl install --set profile=default -y --set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout
-
-
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/ops/diagnostic-tools/component-logging/
-
-
-
-
-https://dev.to/aws-builders/understanding-istio-access-logs-2k5o
-
-```yaml
-Note: Here I am using request_handle:logCritical method because default logLevel is WARN for Istio components. request_handle:logInfo can be used, if logLevel is set to Info.
-```
-
-https://youtu.be/yOtEG1luTwU
-
-

04-Envoy/01-envoy_add_headers/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-#  annotations:
-#    sidecar.istio.io/componentLogLevel: info
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-      annotations:
-        sidecar.istio.io/componentLogLevel: lua:info
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80

04-Envoy/01-envoy_add_headers/gateway.yaml

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld-gateway.yaml
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: Gateway
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-gateway
-spec:
-  selector:
-    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
-  servers:
-    - port:
-        number: 80
-        name: http
-        protocol: HTTP
-      hosts:
-        - "*"
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: VirtualService
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-vs
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - "*"
-  gateways:
-    - helloworld-gateway
-  http:
-    - match:
-        - uri:
-            exact: /helloworld
-      route:
-        - destination:
-            host: helloworld
-            port:
-              number: 80
-      rewrite:
-        uri: "/"

04-Envoy/README.md

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-https://youtu.be/yOtEG1luTwU
-
-
-Rate Limit:
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/policy-enforcement/rate-limit/

05-MeshConfig/01-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/README.md

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-# Continues from
-
-- 05-hello_world_1_Service_Entry
-
-# Description
-
-On this example compares the behavior between setting up the MeshConfig `OutboundTrafficPolicy.mode` setting to `REGISTRY_ONLY` and `ALLOW_ANY`.
-
-- ALLOW_ANY: Allows all egress/outbound traffic from the mesh.
-
-- REGISTRY_ONLY: Restricted to services that figure in the service registry a and the ServiceEntry objects.
-
-More info regarding this configuration at the pertintent documentation (https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/istio.mesh.v1alpha1/#MeshConfig-OutboundTrafficPolicy-Mode)
-
-## Runthrough
-
-### Set ALLOW_ANY outbound traffic policy
-
-```shell
-istioctl install --set profile=default -y --set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout  --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=ALLOW_ANY
-```
-
-### Deploy resources
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl apply -f ./
-service/helloworld created
-deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
-serviceentry.networking.istio.io/external-svc created
-gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
-virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
-```
-
-### Get LB IP
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system
-NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
-istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
-```
-
-### Test deployments
-
-```shell
-$ curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -I
-HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-server: istio-envoy
-date: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 18:03:18 GMT
-content-type: text/html
-content-length: 615
-last-modified: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 15:01:54 GMT
-etag: "64230162-267"
-accept-ranges: bytes
-x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 73
-```
-
-```shell
-$ curl 192.168.1.50/external -I
-HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-date: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 18:03:24 GMT
-content-type: text/html
-content-length: 5186
-last-modified: Mon, 17 Mar 2014 17:25:03 GMT
-expires: Thu, 31 Dec 2037 23:55:55 GMT
-cache-control: max-age=315360000
-x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 228
-server: istio-envoy
-```
-
-
-### Test egress the helloworld deployment
-
-It returns a 301 code, meaning that it was able to reach the destination and it was attempted to redirect the traffic from HTTP to HTTPS.
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl exec -i -t "$(kubectl get pod -l app=helloworld | tail -n 1 | awk '{print $1}')" -- curl wikipedia.com -I
-HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
-server: envoy
-date: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 18:06:57 GMT
-content-type: text/html
-content-length: 169
-location: https://wikipedia.com/
-x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 65
-```
-
-### Set REGISTRY_ONLY outbound traffic policy
-
-```shell
-istioctl install --set profile=default -y --set meshConfig.accessLogFile=/dev/stdout  --set meshConfig.outboundTrafficPolicy.mode=REGISTRY_ONLY
-```
-
-### Test (again) egress the helloworld deployment
-
-It returns a 502 code, meaning that it wasn't able to reach the destination.
-
-```shell
-$ kubectl exec -i -t "$(kubectl get pod -l app=helloworld | tail -n 1 | awk '{print $1}')" -- curl wikipedia.com -I
-HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway
-date: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 18:08:37 GMT
-server: envoy
-transfer-encoding: chunked
-```

05-MeshConfig/01-Outboud-Traffic-Policy/deployment.yaml

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-# https://github.com/istio/istio/blob/master/samples/helloworld/helloworld.yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-    service: helloworld
-spec:
-  ports:
-    - port: 80
-      name: http
-  selector:
-    app: helloworld
----
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: helloworld-nginx
-  labels:
-    app: helloworld
-spec:
-  replicas: 1
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: helloworld
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        app: helloworld
-    spec:
-      containers:
-        - name: helloworld
-          image: nginx
-          resources:
-            requests:
-              cpu: "100m"
-          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
-          ports:
-            - containerPort: 80
----
-apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
-kind: ServiceEntry
-metadata:
-  name: external-svc
-spec:
-  hosts:
-    - help.websiteos.com
-    # /websiteos/example_of_a_simple_html_page.htm
-#    - http://help.websiteos.com/websiteos/example_of_a_simple_html_page.htm
-  ports:
-    - number: 80
-      name: http
-      protocol: HTTP
-  resolution: DNS
-  location: MESH_EXTERNAL
----

05-MeshConfig/README.md

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-
-# Examples
-
-- 01-Outboud-Traffic-Policy
-
-
-
-## Additional
-
-https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/observability/distributed-tracing/mesh-and-proxy-config/

05-Sidecar/01-ingress-proxy-forwarding/Deployment.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80

05-Sidecar/01-ingress-proxy-forwarding/Gateway.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway # use istio default controller
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"

05-Sidecar/01-ingress-proxy-forwarding/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+---
+gitea: none
+include_toc: true
+---
+
+# Description
+
+This example deploys the same infrastructure as the [previous example](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment), configures the **sidecar** `envoy-proxy`/`istio-proxy`/`sidecar-proxy` on the pods created, to forward the traffic incoming from the port `8080` to the port `80`.
+
+This example configures:
+
+    Generic Kubernetes resources:
+    - 1 Service
+    - 1 Deployment
+    
+    Istio resources:
+    - 1 Gateway
+    - 1 Virtual Service
+    - 1 Sidecar configration
+
+# Based on
+
+- [01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment](../../01-Getting_Started/01-hello_world_1_service_1_deployment)
+
+# Configuration
+
+## Service
+
+Creates a service named `helloworld`.
+
+This service listens for the port `8080` expecting `HTTP` traffic and will forward the incoming traffic towards the port `8080` from the destination pod.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 8080
+      name: http
+  selector:
+    app: helloworld
+```
+
+## Deployment
+
+Deploys a Nginx server that listens for the port `80`.
+
+We can notice how in the service we opened the port `8080` and in the deployment we are listening to the port `80`, more about this in the [Sidecar Section](#sidecar).
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-nginx
+  labels:
+    app: helloworld
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: helloworld
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: helloworld
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: helloworld
+          image: nginx
+          resources:
+            requests:
+              cpu: "100m"
+          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+```
+
+
+## Gateway
+
+Deploys an Istio gateway that's listening to the port `80` for `HTTP` traffic.
+
+It doesn't filter for any specific host.
+
+The `selector` field is used to "choose" which Istio Load Balancers will have this gateway assigned to.
+
+The Istio `default` profile creates a Load Balancer in the namespace `istio-system` that has the label `istio: ingressgateway` set, allowing us to target that specific Load Balancer and assign this gateway resource to it.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Gateway
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-gateway
+spec:
+  selector:
+    istio: ingressgateway
+  servers:
+    - port:
+        number: 80
+        name: http
+        protocol: HTTP
+      hosts:
+        - "*"
+```
+
+## VirtualService
+
+The Virtual Service resources are used to route and filter the received traffic from the gateway resources, and route it towards the desired destination.
+
+On this example we select the gateway `helloworld-gateway`, which is the [gateway that 's described in the `Gateway` section](#gateway).
+
+On this resource, we are also not limiting the incoming traffic to any specific host, allowing for all the incoming traffic to go through the rules set.
+
+Here we created a rule that will be applied on `HTTP` related traffic when the destination path is exactly `/helloworld`.
+
+This traffic will be forwarded to the port `8080` of the destination service `helloworld` (the full path URL equivalent would be `helloworld.$NAMESPACE.svc.cluster.local`).
+
+Additionally, there will be an internal URL rewrite set, as if the URL is not modified, it would attempt to reach to the `/helloworld` path from the Nginx deployment, which currently has no content and would result in an error code `404` (Not found).
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: VirtualService
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-vs
+spec:
+  hosts:
+    - "*"
+  gateways:
+    - helloworld-gateway
+  http:
+    - match:
+        - uri:
+            exact: /helloworld
+      route:
+        - destination:
+            host: helloworld
+            port:
+              number: 80
+      rewrite:
+        uri: "/"
+```
+
+## Sidecar
+
+This will configure the sidecar configuration from the `envoy-proxy` in each pod.
+
+`workloadSelector` will be used to select the target pods, where, on this scenario, it will target the pods that have the label set `app: helloworld`.
+
+The ingress configuration set, will listen for the port `8080` from the pod, and forward it to the pod's port `80` through the loopback (127.0.0.1) IP.
+
+On this scenario we are performing a simple `8080` to `80` redirect.
+
+> **Note:**\
+> A reminder that a `POD` is an object that groups container(s).
+
++ more notes:
+
+- workloadSelector:
+
+> `workloadSelector` is used to target the `PODS`, on which apply this sidecar configuration. \
+> Bear in mind that this configuration doesn't target kinds `Service`, nor `Deployment`, it's applied to a kind `Pod` or `ServiceEntry` \
+> If there is no `workloadSelector` specified, it will be used as default configuration for the namespace on which was created. \
+> More info in the [Istio documentation for workloadSelector](https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/sidecar/#WorkloadSelector)
+
+- ingress:
+
+> Configure the behavior of the ingress traffic.\
+> On this "grabs"/targets the ingress traffic with port 8080, and forwards it to the port IP `127.0.0.1` (loopback) respective to the destination pod, with the destination port set to 80, which is the port that the service is currently listening to.
+
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
+kind: Sidecar
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-sidecar
+spec:
+  workloadSelector:
+    labels:
+      app: helloworld
+  ingress:
+    - port:
+        number: 8080
+        protocol: HTTP
+        name: ingressport
+      defaultEndpoint: 127.0.0.1:80
+```
+
+# Run example
+
+## Deploy resources
+
+```shell
+kubectl apply -f ./
+```
+
+```text
+deployment.apps/helloworld-nginx created
+gateway.networking.istio.io/helloworld-gateway created
+service/helloworld created
+sidecar.networking.istio.io/helloworld-sidecar created
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io/helloworld-vs created
+```
+
+## Wait for the pods to be ready
+
+```shell
+kubectl get deployment helloworld-nginx -w
+```
+
+```text
+NAME               READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+helloworld-nginx   1/1     1            1           39s
+```
+
+## Test the service
+
+### Get LB IP
+
+To perform the desired tests, we will need to obtain the IP Istio Load Balancer that we selected in the [Gateway section](#gateway).
+
+On my environment, the IP is the `192.168.1.50`.
+
+```shell
+kubectl get svc -l istio=ingressgateway -A
+```
+```text
+NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                                      AGE
+istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.97.47.216   192.168.1.50   15021:31316/TCP,80:32012/TCP,443:32486/TCP   39h
+```
+
+### Curl
+
+We can perform a curl towards the destination.
+
+A reminder that the configuration set in the [service](#service) created, it's listening to the port `8080` and forwarding the traffic to the same pod (`8080`).
+
+As well on the Istio's [VirtualService](#virtualservice), we configured the destination port as `8080`.
+
+Yet, on the [Sidecar](#sidecar) configuration, we are redirecting the ingress traffic from the port `8080`, to the port `80`.
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s | grep "<title>.*</title>"
+```
+```text
+<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
+```
+
+### Delete the sidecar configuration to force failure.
+
+As per the moment let's delete the `sidecar` configuration deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete sidecars.networking.istio.io helloworld-sidecar
+```
+```text
+sidecar.networking.istio.io "helloworld-sidecar" deleted
+```
+
+### Curl again
+
+After deleting the `sidecar` configuration, which was handling the ingress traffic from port `8080`, we can observe that we are no longer able to handle the incoming requests, raising an error message.
+
+```shell
+curl 192.168.1.50/helloworld -s
+```
+```text
+upstream connect error or disconnect/reset before headers. reset reason: connection failure, transport failure reason: delayed connect error: 111
+```
+
+## Cleanup
+
+Finally, a cleanup from the resources deployed.
+
+```shell
+kubectl delete -f ./
+```
+```text
+deployment.apps "helloworld-nginx" deleted
+gateway.networking.istio.io "helloworld-gateway" deleted
+service "helloworld" deleted
+virtualservice.networking.istio.io "helloworld-vs" deleted
+Error from server (NotFound): error when deleting "Sidecar.yaml": sidecars.networking.istio.io "helloworld-sidecar" not found
+```
+
+